| Diagnosed with the following medical issues (yes), n (%) |
| Asthma |
264 (16.0) |
181 (14.7) |
83 (19.8) |
0.01
|
| Autoimmune disease |
104 (6.3) |
71 (5.8) |
33 (7.9) |
0.13 |
| Diabetes |
12 (0.7) |
8 (0.7) |
4 (1.0) |
0.51 |
| Gastrointestinal disease |
77 (4.7) |
52 (4.2) |
25 (6.0) |
0.15 |
| Liver or kidney disease |
9 (0.5) |
7 (0.6) |
2 (0.5) |
1.00 |
| Neurological condition or injury |
47 (2.9) |
36 (2.9) |
11 (2.6) |
0.75 |
| Osteopenia |
101 (6.1) |
46 (3.7) |
55 (13.1) |
< 0.01
|
| Osteoporosis |
37 (2.2) |
17 (1.4) |
20 (4.8) |
< 0.01
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
30 (1.8) |
23 (1.9) |
7 (1.7) |
0.79 |
| Thyroid disease |
156 (9.5) |
117 (9.5) |
39 (9.3) |
0.89 |
| None |
1000 (60.7) |
778 (63.4) |
222 (53.0) |
< 0.01
|
|
| Medications taken on a regular basis (≥3 times/week) (yes), n (%) |
| Blood pressure medication |
70 (4.3) |
54 (4.4) |
16 (3.8) |
0.61 |
| Cholesterol medication |
37 (2.2) |
30 (2.4) |
7 (1.7) |
0.36 |
| Diabetes medication |
6 (0.4) |
4 (0.3) |
2 (0.5) |
0.65 |
| NSAIDs (i.e. Ibuprofen, Celebrex, Advil, Aleve, Nuprin, Naprosyn, Motrin) |
179 (10.9) |
118 (9.6) |
61 (14.6) |
< 0.01
|
| Thyroid hormone medication |
146 (8.9) |
112 (9.1) |
34 (8.1) |
0.53 |
| Tylenol or Acetaminophen |
66 (4.0) |
47 (3.8) |
19 (4.5) |
0.52 |
| Anti-depression medication |
53 (3.2) |
40 (3.3) |
13 (3.1) |
0.88 |
| Allergy medication |
57 (3.5) |
49 (4.0) |
8 (1.9) |
0.04
|
| Autoimmune medication |
16 (1.0) |
10 (0.8) |
6 (1.4) |
0.27 |
| Other |
176 (10.7) |
136 (11.1) |
40 (9.6) |
0.38 |
| None |
955 (58.0) |
719 (58.6) |
236 (56.3) |
0.43 |
|
| Supplements taken on a regular basis (≥3 times/week), n (%) |
| Calcium |
325 (19.7) |
189 (15.4) |
136 (32.5) |
< 0.01
|
| Joint supplement (i.e., glucosamine, chondroitin, sulfate) |
138 (8.4) |
96 (7.8) |
42 (10.0) |
0.16 |
| Multivitamin |
656 (39.8) |
481 (39.2) |
175 (41.8) |
0.35 |
| Omega-3s (i.e., fish oil, flax seed) |
307 (18.6) |
233 (19.0) |
74 (17.7) |
0.55 |
| Probiotics |
302 (18.3) |
205 (16.7) |
97 (23.2) |
< 0.01
|
| Protein supplement |
229 (13.9) |
167 (13.6) |
62 (14.8) |
0.54 |
| Vitamin D |
492 (29.9) |
319 (26.0) |
173 (41.3) |
< 0.01
|
| Other |
315 (19.1) |
232 (18.9) |
83 (19.8) |
0.68 |
|
| Age of the first menstrual period, n (%) |
| 12 years old or younger |
682 (41.4) |
535 (43.6) |
147 (35.2) |
< 0.01
|
| 13-15 years old |
873 (53.0) |
639 (52.0) |
234 (55.8) |
| 16 years old or older |
87 (5.3) |
50 (4.1) |
37 (8.9) |
| Current phase in your menstrual cycle, n (%) |
| Pre-menopausal |
910 (55.3) |
686 (55.9) |
224 (53.5) |
0.67 |
| Post-menopausal |
267 (16.2) |
200 (16.3) |
67 (16.0) |
| Peri-menopausal |
254 (15.4) |
182 (14.8) |
72 (17.2) |
| I’m not sure |
212 (12.9) |
156 (12.7) |
56 (13.4) |
| Describe your menstrual cycle, n (%) |
| Regular (every 28 days) |
731 (44.4) |
555 (45.2) |
176 (42.0) |
0.75 |
| Typically regular, but irregular at times with heavier training loads |
170 (10.3) |
125 (10.2) |
45 (10.7) |
| Irregular |
256 (15.5) |
184 (15.0) |
72 (17.2) |
| I don’t menstruate* |
267 (16.3) |
200 (16.3) |
67 (16.0) |
| Didn’t answer |
223 (13.5) |
164 (13.4) |
59 (14.1) |
| Without a period ≥6 months other than pregnancy, n (%) |
| Yes |
508 (30.8) |
339 (27.5) |
170 (40.6) |
< 0.01
|
| Types of contraceptives, n (%) |
| Hormonal |
603 (36.8) |
445 (36.5) |
158 (37.8) |
0.69 |
| Non-hormonal |
166 (10.1) |
128 (10.5) |
38 (9.1) |
| I don’t use contraceptives |
870 (53.2) |
648 (53.1) |
222 (53.1) |