| RCTs |
| Cacchio (2011) |
40 (13F), SWT 24 years, multi-modal intervention 24 years |
At least 2 of the following painful; Puranen Orava test, fast hamstring-stretch test, hamstring strength test
MRI
|
NR |
Multi-modal professional athletes: 40 |
Multi-modal intervention: 21 months (13-81)
SWT: 19.6 months (11-72)
|
| Davenport (2015) |
15 (13F), AWB: 45.4 years, PRP 47 years, 17 cases (2 bilateral) |
Clinical diagnosisa
Positive MRI or US
|
NR |
NR |
NR |
| Case series |
| Benazzo (2013) |
17 (5F), 27 years |
Reporting pain at ischial tuberosity
Pain with concentric hamstring contraction: (positive 47%)
Tenderness ischial tuberosity (41% positive)
Puranen Orava test (88% positive)
Leg raising test (23% positive)
MRI
|
Bicep femoris (41%)
Semimembranosus (29%)
Semitendinosus (6%)
Common tendon (23%)*
|
Professional athletes: 9
Competitive athletes: 8
|
23 months (3-48) |
| Fader (2014) |
18 (12F), 43 years |
Clinical diagnosisa
MRI
|
NR |
NR |
32.6 months (6-120) |
| Krauss (2016) |
14 (13F), 47 years |
At least 2 of the following;
Tenderness to palpation at ischial tuberosity, positive bent knee stretch test, positive supine plank test
MRI
|
NR |
NR |
4.1 years (5 months to 10 years) |
| Lempainen (2009) |
90 (32F), 34 years,
103 casesb (13 bilateral)
|
Patient interview and history
Pain at ischial tuberosity with hamstring stretch
MRI
|
All semimembranosus |
Professional: 5
Competitive: 47
Recreational: 38
|
NR |
| Levy (2019) |
29 (22F), 45 years |
Clinical diagnosisa confirmed with positive MRI
|
NR |
NR |
NR |
| Nicholson (2014) |
18 (10F), 51 years, 22 cases (4 bilateral) |
Pain with prolonged sitting
Pain with hamstring contraction
MRI
|
NR |
Athletes: 18 |
28 months (2-120) |
| Puranen (1988) |
59 (14F), Athletes: 25 years, joggers: 39 years, non-athletes: 35 years, 65 cases (6 bilateral) |
Pain on active stretching
Pain on palpation
|
NR |
Athletes: 50
Joggers: 4
Non-athletes: 5
|
NR |
| Wetzel (2012) |
15 (8F), 38 years, 17 cases (2 bilateral) |
Clinical diagnosisa
MRI
|
NR |
PRP group:
Collegiate or high-level athletes: 9
NR: 1
Multi-modal intervention group:
High level athletes: 2
NR: 3
|
Multi-modal intervention: 7.8 months
PRP: 9.6 months
|
| Young (2008) |
44 (16F), 29 years, 47 cases (3 bilateral) |
Pain on palpation of proximal hamstring region
Weakness at 30ยบ of resisted knee flexion
MRI/US
|
NR |
Professional: 4
Semi-Professional: 7
Recreational: 33
|
8 cases: < 6 months
15 cases: 6-12 months
10 cases: 12-18 months
14 cases: >18 months
|
| Zissen (2010) |
65 (37F), 37.7 years |
Clinical diagnosisa
MRI/US
|
NR |
NR |
8 cases: < 6months
15 cases: 6 months to 1 year
15 cases: > 1 year
|