Article/ Study design	Population	Procedure	Program duration and frequency	Hypertrophy protocol	Outcome	Limitations
Hsu et al. 2019 RCT	29 females 68-73 yrs old	TKA	24 Weeks Phase 1: 1-4wks Phase 2: 5-8wks Phase 3 9-⁠24wks	Program: Weeks 1-4 (60% of 1RM, 12 reps/set x 3 sets) 5-8 weeks (70% of 1RM, 12 reps / sets x 3 sets, 3 days a week) 9-24 weeks (80% 1RM, 12 reps / sets x 3 sets, 3 days a week)	Resistance training group had greater lower extremity muscle strength (knee ext and flexors) Improved functional mobility in 6MWT and 30sec CST	Small sample size. Female Only. No long term follow up post 12 months.
Husby et al. 2009 RCT	24 participants 48-64 yrs old	THA	4 Weeks Beginning 1/52 post-op 5 sessions/week	Program: Program completed in addition to conventional program Warm up: 10min bike erg (roughly 50%VO2 max). Strength Training Program: (5RM = 85% of 1RM), (When patient attains 6 RM, load increased by 5kg), (When patient attains 6 RM, load increased by 1kg). Rest: 2mins rest between sets. Supervised physio 3-5/7 for 4/52.	Abduction strength, peak force and work efficiency improved in strength training program No differences in gait patterns were revealed post intervention.	Small sample size. Insufficient time period for optimal muscle adaptations
Husby et al. 2010 RCT	24 participants <70yrs old	THA	4 Weeks Beginning 1/52 post-op 5 sessions/week	Program: Completed on top of conventional program Warm up: 10min bike erg (roughly 50%VO2 max) Strength Training Program: (5RM = 85% of 1RM), (When patient attains 6 RM, load increased by 5kg), (When patient attains 6 RM, load increased by 1kg). Rest: 2mins rest between sets Supervised physio 3-5/7 for 4/52.	Work efficiency significantly improved in the STG by 29% (P 0.034) compared with the CRG in the test after 6 mos. No significant increase in muscle strength Rate of force development (RFD) improved by 74% 12mos. Post op compared to control.	Group allocation not concealed. No baseline comparability. Assessors, therapists and subjects not blinded. Small sample size. Short training period (Wks).
Husby et al. 2018 RCT	41 participants 45-73 yrs old	TKA	8 Weeks Beginning day 8 post op 3 sessions/week 30min/session	Program: Maximal strength training: Warm up: 10 mins walking or cycling Performed at 80-90% 1RM. Load: 4 x 5reps (high velocity concentric). When able to perform 6RM, load was increased by 5 kg for leg presses and by 0.5-1 kg for knee extensions. Rest: 1-2min between sets	MST group muscle strength 37% increase in Leg press and 43% knee extension compared to pre op no statistical difference in 6MWT	Amount and intensity of physical activity among patients was not recorded between 6-12 months. Small sample size
Jakobsen et al. 2014 RCT	82 patients 56-73 yrs old	TKA	6 Weeks Beginning 7 days post-op 2 sessions/week Duration of session 45-50min	Program: Warm up: 5 mins unilateral cycling (Borg intensity 7-10/20) Progressed to bilateral cycling when able to flex knee to 95deg Progressive strength training (15 mins): 2 sets x 2 sec isometric, 3sec concentric & eccentric Week 1: 12RM Weeks 2-5: 10RM Weeks 6-7: 8RM Rest: 60-180sec between sets	No statistically significant difference. (mean difference between groups: −11.3 meters [95% CI −45.4, 22.7]; ANOVA P = 0.51) or adjusted baseline scores (−16.1 meters [95% CI −48.6, 16.4]; ANCOVA P = 0.33).	No 1RM assessed. Training commenced seven days postoperatively.
Madara et al. 2019 RCT	20 participants Mean age 66yrs	THA	16 Weeks 18 sessions of PT 3 session/week	Program: Weeks 1-6: prescribed home exercise program (HEP) → HEP progressed at each PT visit Using pedometer - increase PA increments by 20% by-weekly 70% 8RM with 3 sets x 8 reps. Load: 3 sets x 8 reps, once presenting with minimal fatigue, increase to 3 sets x 10 reps once presenting with minimal fatigue, re-assess 8RM and add resistance accordingly; start back at 3 sets x 8 reps with added resistance. Weeks 7-12: Load: same as weeks 1-6 (progressively increasing) Weeks 13-16: Individualised exercises tailored to patient goals including return to sport Load: same as previous weeks (progressively increasing)	IG 6MWT distance 23.4% increase vs control: 9.4% (p=0.01) increase HOOS Jr IG: (p=0.034) 103% increase CG: 60% increase Non-surgical side hip abduction strength (p=0.01) IG increased hip strength (0.04 kg/BW, 26% increase) CG decreased (-0.02 kg/BW, 11% decrease).	Small sample size. Individualised programs elicit individual results and therefore hard to generalise. Low Specificity of exercise programs used. Initial home exercise program relies on patient motivation, accurate reporting and program adherence. Study enrollment not randomised. Significant age gap between control and experimental group.
Madsen et al. 2013 RCT	80 participants 58-75 yrs old	TKA	6 Weeks 2 sessions/week	Program: Warm up: 5 min exercise bike + 5-10 BW squats Load: Session 2: 1 set x 10-12 reps. Session 3-4: 2 sets x 10-12 reps. Session 5-7: 3 sets x 10-12 reps. Session 8-10: 2 sets x 6-8 reps. Session 11-12: 3 sets x 6-8 reps.	3-6 month follow up. IG walked faster (p=0.01) Increased LEP values- (p=0.04) IG exceeded CG in five-times sit to stand @ 6 month follow up (p=0.045)	No description for rest periods. No 1RM assessed. No precise mean age of participants was documented.
Matheis and Stöggl 2018 RCT	39 participants 44-87yrs old	THA (minimally invasive anterolateral)	6 days	Program: Day 1 (20 mins): Instructions, mobilisation with crutches Day 2: PROM/AROM of the hip & gait instructions Day 3-5: PROM/AROM of hip & training therapy (30 mins) Day 6: Post test Weight shifting – 1 min Step sequence. up/down x10 e/s. Abduction 3 x 10 80% intensity. standing extension 3 x10 80% intensity. Cross walker 2min each. Rest: 1 min rest for all strength exercises	Increased hip flexion ROM Increased hip extension and abduction Faster 6MWT	No 1RM assessed. Small sample size. Mobility program rather than hypertrophy. No weight-based strength training - only body weight or isometric contractions. Lack of exercise specificity.
Mikkelson et al. 2012 RCT	44 participants Mean age: 67yrs	THA	12 Weeks Follow up at 4 and 12 weeks	Program: Consisted of Supine, Sitting, and Standing exercises. Load: 10 reps x 2/daily Progression 4/52 post op No supine exercises Medium resistance band Step exercise(15-20cm height) Knee bend with back against wall One legged stance	Intensified program effective in terms of pain, adherence, and compliance Persistent hip abductor strength deficiencies in both groups post study. Recommend more intensive early rehab protocol.	Exercises not suitable for all Pt’s Short follow up Measurement errors and limited test battery.
Mikkelsen et al. 2017 RCT	34 patients (15 female / 19 male) Mean age: 65 yrs old	THA	10 Weeks Beginning 1/52 post-op 2 sessions/week 30-40min/session	program: Warm up: 5-10 mins stationary bike Exercises: Load: 10-12RM week1 → increased progressively to 8RM, 3 sets per exercise Rest: 1 min rest between sets	Progressive resistance training can be implemented shortly post op with substantial load progression and no overall exacerbation of postoperative pain.	Small sample size. No 1RM assessed.
Min Ji Suh et al. 2017 RCT	34 participants 77yrs or younger	TKA	2 Weeks 30min/session	Program: ECC-CON group (n=16) Concentric knee extension 30% 1RM 3x15. Concentric Leg curl 40-60% 1RM @ 3 x 8-10. Extension 60-80% 1RM 3-5reps. Curl 60-80% 1RM 3-5reps - 3min rest. Extension - 1RM Curl - 1RM ECC-CON group only knee extension - eccentric contractions.	Significant improvement in post op knee ext strength, increased endurance, and gait speed of surgical knee.	Small sample size. Insufficient training program duration (2 wks)
Petterson et al. 2009 RCT	200 participants 50-85yrs old	TKA	6 Weeks Beginning 3-4 Weeks post-op 2-3 sessions/week NMES: 1 hour/day	Program: Specifically target quadriceps femoris muscle group. Load: 2 sets of 10 reps (weights were increased to maintain 10 rep max). NMES (neuromuscular electrical stimulation) component to program: 10 electrically elicited contractions of quads muscle.	Hypertrophy group was significantly stronger P=0.007 at 12mos. Mean NMVIC was 21%less in standard care. Worse functional performance at 12/12 in standard care.	High dropout rate No 1RM assessed.
Suetta et al. 2004 RCT	36 participants 60-86yrs old	THA	12 Weeks Beginning day 7 post op 3 sessions/week	Program: Warmup: 10-minute warm-up on a stationary bicycle. Training intensity was progressively increased: Weeks 1-6: 3-5 sets of 10 reps Weeks 6-12: 3-5 sets of 8 reps	Increase in functional performance in RT (30%) and (37%) reduction in LOS. RT increased muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional performance. RT program augmented CSA 12% 12 weeks after surgery.	Limited number of patients (results cannot be generalized to a wider population) No 1RM assessed.
Winther et al. 2020 (pain and load progression) Exploratory study	42 patients 35-⁠76yrs old	26 THA 16 TKA	10 Weeks Beginning day 15 post op 3 sessions/week	Program: Warmup: 10-min warm-up; walking or ergometer cycling. Load: 4 sets of 5 reps 85-90% of 1RM High velocity concentric phase → Load increased when patient could perform > 5RM Rest: 1-2 min between sets	Significant progressive load increase in leg press and hip abduction until final intervention week (p<0.01)	Explorative study: small sample size, low power Program started two weeks after surgery.
Winther et al. 2020 (postural sway) unpublished data from a prospective RCT	54 patients Mean age: 63 yrs old	THA (posterior approach)	12 Weeks 3 sessions/week Follow up at 3, 6 and 12 months	Program: Warm-up: cycling, step, and treadmill walking. Load: 4–5 reps × 4 sets Load equal to 85%–95% of 1RM Other workouts used were aquatic exercises, balance training, range-of-motion exercises, massage, and sling exercises.	IG patients 25%–50% stronger leg press and hip abduction than the CG patients 3 and 6 months postoperatively (p ≤ 0.002). 3-month follow up; Decreased postural sway in IG patients	Failed to measure preoperative gait data in order to make comparisons with postoperative data. Reduced sample size due to high drop out rate Explorative design.
Winther et al. 2020 RCT	26 patients 35-76 yrs old	THA	10 Weeks 3 session/week	Program: Warmup: cycling Load: 5 reps, 4 sets 85-90% of 1RM emphasis on concentric part of movement load increased following 6RM Rest: 1-2 min rest intervals	Leg press + hip abduction strength stronger than control at 3 and 6 months post op. No significant differences at 12 months post op.	Patients' level of exercise not recorded from 6-12 months post op. Small sample size.